From BRYAN@wvnvm.wvnet.edu Wed Sep 21 18:35:37 1994 Return-Path: Received: from WVNVM.WVNET.EDU by life.ai.mit.edu (4.1/AI-4.10) for /com/archive/cube-lovers id AA13435; Wed, 21 Sep 94 18:35:37 EDT Message-Id: <9409212235.AA13435@life.ai.mit.edu> Received: from WVNVM.WVNET.EDU by WVNVM.WVNET.EDU (IBM VM SMTP V2R2) with BSMTP id 8591; Wed, 21 Sep 94 16:38:18 EDT Received: from WVNVM.WVNET.EDU (NJE origin BRYAN@WVNVM) by WVNVM.WVNET.EDU (LMail V1.2a/1.8a) with BSMTP id 4810; Wed, 21 Sep 1994 16:38:17 -0400 X-Acknowledge-To: Date: Wed, 21 Sep 1994 16:38:16 EDT From: "Jerry Bryan" To: Subject: Re: < U, R> Group In-Reply-To: Message of 08/09/94 at 01:48:00 from mark.longridge@canrem.com I wanted to get back to some of the symmetry considerations associated with the Two-Generator Group. In particular, I wanted to calculate God's Algorithm in terms of something analogous to M-conjugates. I haven't started the calculations, but I wanted to go ahead and discuss what those calculations will consist of. First, we can make the obvious observation that the group is not the only Two-Generator group. Any two adjacent faces can serve as generators for a Two-Generator Group, and there are twelve such pairs of adjacent faces. All twelve groups have identical structures, and are isomorphic under M-conjugation. With respect to any particular Two-Generator Group such as , the associated symmetry group is not M, it is a subgroup of M. Dan Hoey has determined that M has 98 subgroups, and that the 98 subgroups may be grouped into 33 classes. Dan has developed a taxonomy for the 33 classes and 98 subgroups. I have seen bits and pieces of Dan's taxonomy posted to the list, and he has sent me a good bit of it via private E-mail, but I don't think I have ever seen the whole thing all in one piece. In any case, let's talk a little bit about the 98 subgroups and 33 classes. Frey and Singmaster use script characters to describe whole cube rotations. For the purposes of this note, I will use lower case letters. For example, r will be used to describe grabbing the right face and turning the whole cube 90 degrees clockwise (to be distinguished from R, which means to turn only the right face 90 degrees clockwise). In this notation, = {i,r,rr,rrr} is one of the 98 subgroups of M. (Note that is the same group as .) Similarly, = {i,u,uu,uuu} and = {i,f,ff,fff} are subgroups of M. The groups , , and have identical structures (isomorphic under rotation), and the collection (, , ) is one of Dan's 33 classes. Similarly, (, , ) is another of Dan's 33 classes. is a subgroup of , is a subgroup of , and is a subgroup of . Dan's taxonomy includes a complete description of group-subgroup relationships within the subgroups of M, or maybe I should say that it is a complete description of class-subclass relationships. The Frey-Singmaster script notation is adequate for rotations, but it is not adequate for reflections. Instead, I will use a notation which I believe originated with Dan Hoey (e.g., 28 Dec 1993). For example, you could write r=(FUBD), where the upper case letters describe movements of whole faces (*not* quarter-turns in this context!). (FUBD) means Front goes to Up goes to Back goes to Down goes to Front, which is what happens when you perform r. In the same notation, a Front-Back reflection would be (FB), etc. With that all said, the symmetry group for is <(UR)(DL),(FB)> = {I, (FB), (UR)(DL), (FB)(UR)(DL)} In Dan's taxonomy, this group is a member of the W class, and there are six such groups -- W1 through W6. I am not sure which one this one is (I only have a list of the classes, not of the groups), but let's say for the sake of the argument it is W3. Then for , I will be calculating W3-conjugate classes of the form {w'Xw} for all w in W3. The size of the problem will be reduced by about four times, compared to a reduction of about forty-eight times for whole cube problems where M-conjugation can be used. I was initially surprised that there are twelve groups M-conjugate with , but only six corresponding symmetry groups in M. This arises, for example, because the and (diagonally opposed) groups share the same symmetry group. I really shouldn't have been surprised. After all, we know how many subgroups of G there are, namely "over three beelion" (Dan Hoey, 20 Aug 1992), and we know how many subgroups of M there are, namely 98. Since "over three beelion" is a lot more than 98, there must be many, many subgroups of G which share the same symmetry properties in the sense of sharing a subgroup of M. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Robert G. Bryan (Jerry Bryan) (304) 293-5192 Associate Director, WVNET (304) 293-5540 fax 837 Chestnut Ridge Road BRYAN@WVNVM Morgantown, WV 26505 BRYAN@WVNVM.WVNET.EDU If you don't have time to do it right today, what makes you think you are going to have time to do it over again tomorrow?